A Hyperconnected Smart City Framework

Digital Resources Using Enhanced Pedagogical Techniques

Authors

  • Naureen Naqvi Charles Sturt University
  • Sabih ur Rehman Charles Sturt University
  • Zahidul Islam Charles Sturt University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v24i0.2531

Keywords:

Smart Cities, Privacy in Smart City, Security in Smart City, IoT, Big Data, Internet of Things

Abstract

Recent technological advancements have given rise to the concept of hyper-connected smart cities being adopted around the world. These cities aspire to achieve better outcomes for citizens by improving the quality of service delivery, information sharing, and creating a sustainable environment. A smart city comprises of a network of interconnected devices also known as IoT (Internet of Things), which captures data and transmits it to a platform for analysis. This data covers a variety of information produced in large volumes also known as Big Data. From data capture to processing and storage, there are several stages where a breach in security and privacy could result in catastrophic impacts. Presently there is a gap in the centralization of knowledge to implement smart city services with a secure architecture. To bridge this gap, we present a framework that highlights challenges within the smart city applications and synthesizes the techniques feasible to solve them. Additionally, we analyze the impact of a potential breach on smart city applications and state-of-the-art architectures available. Furthermore, we identify the stakeholders who may have an interest in learning about the relationships between the significant aspects of a smart city. We demonstrate these relationships through force-directed network diagrams. They will help raise the awareness amongst the stakeholders for planning the development of a smart city. To complement our framework, we designed web-based interactive resources that are available from http://ausdigitech.com/smartcity/.

Author Biographies

Naureen Naqvi, Charles Sturt University

Naureen Naqvi received the Bachelors of Electronics & Electrical Engineering and Masters of Computer Systems Engineering with distinction from the NED University of Engineering & Technology, Pakistan. She has also received the Bachelors of Computing (Honours) degree from Charles Sturt University, Australia, proposing a framework for Privacy and Security Preserving for Hyperconnected Connected Smart Cities. She is currently pursuing her Ph.D. degree in Data Science from the School of Computing & Mathematics at Charles Sturt University. In her professional career, she has earned certifications on Lean Six Sigma Black Belt Process Excellence, Prince2 Project Management, Agile Coaching, AWS & Google stack. She has secured three Innovation Patents with the IP Australia, the Department of Industry, Innovation and Science. She has extensive experience in delivering large-scale digital transformation programs across various industries such as Oil & Gas, Cloud Service Provider, Aviation & Aerospace, Banking & Financial Services, Energy, Utilities & Chemicals, Education, and for the Western Australian State Government. Her research interests include complex innovation product and service design across emerging technologies with a focus on the Internet of Things (IoT), Smart Cities, Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, Data Science and Machine Learning. She has co-founded multiple start-ups aimed at various social initiatives within Australia and Pakistan. She has keen interest in mentoring young women and inspire them to advance in STEM.

Sabih ur Rehman, Charles Sturt University

Sabih ur Rehman (Member, IEEE) received the bachelor’s degree (Hons.) in electronics and telecommunication engineering from the University of South Australia, Adelaide, and the Ph.D. degree in the area of wireless sensors networks from Charles Sturt University, Australia. He is currently a Senior Lecturer and the Course Director with the School of Computing and Mathematics, Charles Sturt University. He has extensive experience in delivering large scale networking solutions along with providing system administration, security and data integration services. His research interests include wireless communication, network planning, routing and switching, and information security. His current research interests include the Internet of Things (IoT), robotics and big data analytics, especially in the domains of intelligent transport systems, environmental sustainability, e-health and precision agriculture, with the aim to positively influence social, economic, and environmental sustainability of communities in rural Australia via digitally enabled solutions. He regularly publishes his research and serves as a Reviewer for a number of respected journals and conferences. He is a member of Australian Computer Society (ACS). He was a recipient of the Competitive Scholarship from Charles Sturt University during his Ph.D. degree. 

Zahidul Islam, Charles Sturt University

Md Zahidul Islam (also known as Zahid Islam) is an Associate Professor in Computer Science at Charles Sturt University, Australia. His main research interests include data mining algorithms for classification (through the decision forests), clustering, data pre-processing and data cleansing. He is also interested in privacy issues related to data mining such as privacy-preserving data publishing and mining, and privacy issues for online social network site users. For more information please visit https://bjbs.csu.edu.au/schools/computing-and-mathematics/staff/profiles/academic-staff/zahidul-islam

References

Abi Sen, A. A., Eassa, F. A., & Jambi, K. (2018). Preserving privacy of smart cities based on the fog computing. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, LNICST, 224, pp. 185–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94180-6_18

Achmad, K. A., Nugroho, L. E., & Djunaedi, A. (2018). Smart City Model: A Literature Review. 2018 10th International Conference on Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ICITEE) Smart, pp. 488–493. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328982472_Smart_City_Model_a_Literature_Review

Achmad, K. A., Nugroho, L. E., Djunaedi, A., & Widyawan. (2018). Smart City for Development: Towards a Conceptual Framework. Proceedings – 2018 4th International Conference on Science and Technology, ICST 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSTC.2018.8528677

Agarwal, N., & Tripathi, A. (2017). Big Data Security and Privacy Issues: A Review. International Journal of Innovative Computer Science & Engineering, 2(4), pp. 12–15. Retrieved from www.ijicse.in

Ahn, J., Lee, J. S., Kim, H. J., & Hwang, D. J. (2016). Smart City Interoperability Framework Based on City Infrastructure Model and Service Prioritization. ICUFN 2016, 337–342. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1109/icufn.2016.7537044

Ainane, N., Ouzzif, M., & Bouragba, K. (2018). Data security of smart cities. ACM, pp. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3286606.3286866

Alias Balamurugan, A., Lilian, J. F., & Sasikala, S. (2018). The Future Of India Creeping Up In Building A Smart City: Intelligent Traffic Analysis Platform. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Inventive Communication and Computational Technologies (ICICCT 2018) IEEE, pp. 518–522. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICICCT.2018.8473194

Alketbi, A., Nasir, Q., & Talib, M. A. (2018). Blockchain for government services – Use cases, security benefits and challenges. 2018 15th Learning and Technology Conference, L and T 2018, 112–119. https://doi.org/10.1109/LT.2018.8368494

Alkhamisi, A., Nazmudeen, M. S. H., & Buhari, S. M. (2016). A cross-layer framework for sensor data aggregation for IoT applications in smart cities. IEEE 2nd International Smart Cities Conference: Improving the Citizens Quality of Life, ISC2 2016 – Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISC2.2016.7580853

Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions. (2018). Smart Cities Data Sharing Framework. Retrieved from www.atis.org/01_legal/patent-policy/

Alohali, B., Merabti, M., & Kifayat, K. (2014). A cloud of things (CoT) based security for home area network (HAN) in the smart grid. Proceedings – 2014 8th International Conference on Next Generation Mobile Applications, Services and Technologies, NGMAST 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/NGMAST.2014.50

Alromaihi, S., Elmedany, W., & Balakrishna, C. (2018). Cyber security challenges of deploying IoT in smart cities for healthcare applications. Proceedings – 2018 IEEE 6th International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud Workshops, W-Fi Cloud 2018, 140–145. https://doi.org/10.1109/W-FiCloud.2018.00028

Alsafery, W., Alturki, B., Reiff-Marganiec, S., & Jambi, K. (2018). Smart Car Parking System Solution for the Internet of Things in Smart Cities. 1st International Conference on Computer Applications and Information Security, ICCAIS 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/CAIS.2018.8442004

Andrisano, O., Bartolini, I., Bellavista, P., Boeri, A., Bononi, L., Borghetti, A., Borghetti, A., Brath, A., Corazza, G., Corradi, A., De Miranda, S., Fava, F., Foschini, L., Leoni, G., Longo, D., Milano, M., Napolitano, F., Nucci, C., Pasolini, G., Patella, M., Cinotti, T., Tarchi, D., Ubertini, F., & Vigo, D. (2018). The Need of Multidisciplinary Approaches and Engineering Tools for the Development and Implementation of the Smart City Paradigm. Proceedings of the IEEE, 106(4), pp. 738–760. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2018.2812836

Anthopoulos, L. (2015). Understanding the Smart City Domain: A Literature Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03167-5_2

Assante, D., Romano, E., Flamini, M., Castro, M., Martin, S., Lavirotte, S., Rey, G., Leisenberg, M., Migliori, M., Bagdoniene, I., Gallo, R., Pascoal, A., & Spatafora, M. (2018). Internet of Things education: Labor market training needs and national policies. IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference, EDUCON, 1846–1853. https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON.2018.8363459

Ati, M., & Basmaji, T. (2018). Framework for managing smart cities security and privacy applications. ISCAIE 2018 – 2018 IEEE Symposium on Computer Applications and Industrial Electronics, pp. 191–194. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCAIE.2018.8405468

Badii, C., Belay, E. G., Bellini, P., Cenni, D., Marazzini, M., Mesiti, M., Nesi, P., Pantaleo, G., Paolucci, M., Valtolina, S., Soderi, M., & Zaza, I. (2018). Snap4City: A Scalable IOT/IOE Platform for Developing Smart City Applications. 2018 IEEE SmartWorld, Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing, Advanced & Trusted Computing, Scalable Computing & Communications, Cloud & Big Data Computing, Internet of People and Smart City Innovation (SmartWorld/SCALCOM/UIC/ATC/CBDCom/IOP/SCI), pp. 2109–2116. https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartWorld.2018.00353

Bajramovic, E., Waedt, K., Ciriello, A., & Gupta, D. (2016). Forensic Readiness of Smart Buildings Preconditions for Subsequent Cybersecurity Tests. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISC2.2016.7580754

Beleuta, V., & Delgado Merce, J. M. (2017). Data privacy and security in Business Intelligence and Analytics. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Data-privacy-and-security-in-business-intelligence-Beleuta/93adc50037259b66127d5bf1ea6d15ee7dc1b893

Belgaum, M. R., Alansari, Z., Jain, R., & Alshaer, J. (2019, March 11). A Framework for Evaluation of Cyber Security Challenges in Smart Cities. 4 (6 pp.)-4 (6 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2018.1372

Bellini, P., Nesi, P., Paolucci, M., & Zaza, I. (2018). Smart city architecture for data ingestion and analytics: Processes and solutions. Proceedings: IEEE 4th International Conference on Big Data Computing Service and Applications, BigDataService 2018, pp. 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1109/BigDataService.2018.00028

Berntzen, L., & Johannessen, M. (2016). The Role of Citizens in "Smart Cities". Conference: Management – international conference, at Slovakia: Faculty of Management, University of Presov. October 2016. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309040628_The_Role_of_Citizens_in_Smart_Cities

Bibri, S. E., & Krogstie, J. (2017). The core enabling technologies of big data analytics and context-aware computing for smart sustainable cities: A review and synthesis. Journal of Big Data, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-017-0091-6

Boban, M., & Weber, M. (2018). Internet of Things, legal and regulatory framework in digital transformation from smart to intelligent cities. 2018 41st International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO). https://doi.org/10.23919/MIPRO.2018.8400245

Borges, M. A., Melo, G. F., De Massaki, C., Igarashi, O., Lopes, P. B., & Silva, L. A. (2017). An architecture for the internet of things and the use of big data techniques in the analysis of carbon monoxide. Proceedings – 2017 IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration, IRI 2017, 184–191. https://doi.org/10.1109/IRI.2017.76

Brauchli, A., & Li, D. (2015). A solution-based analysis of attack vectors on smart home systems. 2015 International Conference on Cyber Security of Smart Cities, Industrial Control System and Communications, SSIC 2015 – Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1109/SSIC.2015.7245682

Budhiputra, P. M., & Putra, K. P. (2016). Smart City Framework Based on Business Process re-engineering approach. 2016 International Conference on ICT For Smart Society, pp. 69–73. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTSS.2016.7792851

Cam-Winget, N., Sadeghi, A.-R., & Jin, Y. (2016). Invited – Can IoT be secured. DAC ’16, June 05 – 09, 2016, Austin, TX, USA Copyright. https://doi.org/10.1145/2897937.2905004

Cao, Q. H., Khan, I., Farahbakhsh, R., Madhusudan, G., Lee, G. M., & Crespi, N. (2016). A trust model for data sharing in smart cities. 2016 IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICC.2016.7510834

Cárdenas, A. A., & Safavi-Naini, R. (2012). Security and Privacy in the Smart Grid. In Handbook on Securing Cyber-Physical Critical Infrastructure (pp. 637–654). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-415815-3.00025-x

Chakrabarty, S., & Engels, D. W. (2016). A secure IoT architecture for Smart Cities. 2016 13th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, CCNC 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCNC.2016.7444889

Chan, A. L., Chua, G. G., Chua, D. Z. L., Guo, S., Lim, P. M. C., Mak, M. T., & Ng, W. S. (2018). Practical experience with smart cities platform design. IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things, WF-IoT 2018 – Proceedings, 2018-January, pp. 470–475. https://doi.org/10.1109/WF-IoT.2018.8355181

Cui, L., Xie, G., Qu, Y., Gao, L., & Yang, Y. (2018). Security and Privacy in Smart Cities: Challenges and Opportunities. IEEE Access, 6, pp. 46134–46145. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2853985

De Carolis, A., Macchi, M., Negri, E., & Terzi, S. (2017). Guiding manufacturing companies towards digitalization: A methodology for supporting manufacturing companies in defining their digitalization roadmap. IEEE Access, pp. 487–495. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICE.2017.8279925

Doynikova, E., & Kotenko, I. (2017). Enhancement of probabilistic attack graphs for accurate cyber security monitoring. In 2017 IEEE SmartWorld, Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing, Advanced & Trusted Computed, Scalable Computing & Communications, Cloud & Big Data Computing, Internet of People and Smart City Innovation (SmartWorld/SCALCOM/UIC/ATC/CBDCom/IOP/SCI). http://doi.org/10.1109/UIC-ATC.2017.8397618

Eckhoff, D., & Wagner, I. (2018). Privacy in the Smart City – Applications, Technologies, Challenges, and Solutions. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 20(1), pp. 489–516. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2017.2748998

Elmaghraby, A. (2013). Security and Privacy in The Smart City. 6th Ajman International Urban Planning Conference AIUPC 6: “City and Security” At: Ajman, UAE. March 2013. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269874307_SECURITY_AND_PRIVACY_IN_THE_SMART_CITY

Elmisery, A. M., Sertovic, M., & Gupta, B. B. (2017). Cognitive Privacy Middleware for Deep Learning Mashup in Environmental IoT. IEEE Access, pp. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2787422

Elsaeidy, A., Elgendi, I., Munasinghe, K. S., Sharma, D., & Jamalipour, A. (2017). A smart city cyber security platform for narrowband networks. 2017 27th International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference, ITNAC 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/ATNAC.2017.8215388

Esposito, C., Castiglione, A., Frattini, F., Cinque, M., Yang, Y., & Choo, K. K. R. (2018). On Data Sovereignty in Cloud-based Computation Offloading for Smart Cities Applications. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, pp. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2018.2886410

Essa, A., Al-Shoura, T., Al Nabulsi, A., Al-Ali, A. R., & Aloul, F. (2018). Cyber Physical Sensors System Security: Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Solutions. 2nd International Conference on Smart Grid and Smart Cities, ICSGSC 2018, pp. 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSGSC.2018.8541316

Estevez, E., & Janowski, T. (2013). Electronic governance for sustainable development – Conceptual framework and state of research. Government Information Quarterly, 30 (2013), S94–S109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2012.11.001

Falco, G., Viswanathan, A., Caldera, C., & Shrobe, H. (2018). A Master Attack Methodology for an AI-Based Automated Attack Planner for Smart Cities. IEEE Access, 6, 48360–48373. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2867556

Feibert, D. C., Hansen, M. S., & Jacobsen, P. (2017). An Integrated Process and Digitalization Perspective on the Shipping Supply Chain – A Literature Review. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE IEEM, pp. 1352–1356. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEM.2017.8290113

Feng, X., Dawam, E. S., & Amin, S. (2017). A New Digital Forensics Model of Smart City Automated Vehicles. Proceedings – 2017 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things, IEEE Green Computing and Communications, IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing, IEEE Smart Data, IThings-GreenCom-CPSCom-SmartData 2017, pp. 274–279. https://doi.org/10.1109/iThings-GreenCom-CPSCom-SmartData.2017.47

Feng, X., & Zhao, Y. (2018). Digital forensics challenges to big data in the cloud. Proceedings – 2017 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things, IEEE Green Computing and Communications, IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing, IEEE Smart Data, IThings-GreenCom-CPSCom-SmartData 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/iThings-GreenCom-CPSCom-SmartData.2017.132

Fernandes, E., Rahmati, A., Eykholt, K., & Prakash, A. (2017). Internet of Things Security Research: A Rehash of Old Ideas or New Intellectual Challenges? IEEE Security & Privacy, 15(1), pp. 79–84. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2017.3151346

Fernandez Molanes, R., Amarasinghe, K., Rodriguez-Andina, J., & Manic, M. (2018). Deep learning and reconfigurable platforms in the internet of things: Challenges and opportunities in algorithms and hardware. IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIE.2018.2824843

Ferrer, A. J., Marquès, J. M., & Jorba, J. (2019). Towards the Decentralised Cloud. ACM Computing Surveys, 51(6), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1145/3243929

Foucault, J.-P., & Moulier-Boutang, Y. (2015). Towards economic and social sensors Condition and model of governance and decision-making for an organological Smart City. ICSSC 2015, pp. 106–112. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7446445

Ghirardello, K., Maple, C., Ng, D., & Kearney, P. (2018). Cyber security of smart homes: Development of a reference architecture for attack surface analysis. Proceedings: IEEE. Living in the Internet of Things: Cybersecurity of the IoT – 2018. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8379732

Gyrard, A., Zimmermann, A., & Sheth, A. (2018). Building IoT based applications for Smart Cities: How can ontology catalogs help? IEEE Internet of Things Journal, pp. 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2018.2854278

Haiyan, S. C. (2016). Digital education resource configuration mode transformation from the co-construction and sharing to the public to be shared. 2016 Eighth International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMTMA.2016.64

Harris, S. (2014). Securing Big Data in our Future Intelligent Cities. IET Conference on Future Intelligent Cities. pp. 1–4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300490699_Securing_Big_Data_in_our_Future_Intelligent_Cities

Hashem, I. A. T., Chang, V., Anuar, N. B., Adewole, K., Yaqoob, I., Gani, A., Ahmed, E., & Chiroma, H. (2016). The role of big data in smart city. International Journal of Information Management, 36(5), pp. 748–758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2016.05.002

Hassanain, E., Rahman, M. A., Alhamid, M. F., Hossain, M. S., Guizani, M., & Rashid, M. M. (2019). Blockchain and IoT-based Cognitive Edge Framework for Sharing Economy Services in a Smart City. IEEE Access. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2896065.

hendy, M. El, Miniaoui, S., Atalla, S., & Hashim, K. F. Bin. (2018). A survey on smart city technologies, initiatives and global technology providers. ICC ’17, March 22, 2017, Cambridge, United Kingdom © ACM, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1145/3018896.3025132

Hong, J., & Liu, C. C. (2019). Intelligent Electronic Devices with Collaborative Intrusion Detection Systems. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, pp. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2017.2737826

Inquiry into the Australian Government's role in the development of cities Submission 37. IoT and Government’s Role in The Development of Cities; Submission to The Standing Committee on Infrastructure. Transport and Cities. IoT Alliance Australia July 2017. https://www.aph.gov.au/DocumentStore.ashx?id=229cdb32-7586-4867-8e40-d43158edf35f&subId=514420

Ismail, N. (2016). Determining the Internet of Things (IOT) Challenges on Smart Cities: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Information Systems Research and Innovation 10(3), pp. 56–63, December 2016. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Determining-the-Internet-of-Things-(-IOT-)-on-Smart-Ismail/7d772449cd2627d20335edf217ec33b1d5d87b47

Inukollu, V. N., Arsi, S., & Rao Ravuri, S. (2014). Security Issues Associated with Big Data in Cloud Computing. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications, 6(3), pp. 45–56. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijnsa.2014.6304

Johannessen, M., & Berntzen, L. (2018). The Transparent Smart City. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58577-2_5

Kesswani, N., & Kumar, S. (2018). The Smart-X Model for Smart Cities. Proceedings: 2018 IEEE 42nd Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC). https://doi.org/10.1109/COMPSAC.2018.00112

Khan, Z., Pervez, Z., & Ghafoor, A. (2014). Towards cloud based smart cities data security and privacy management. Proceedings – 2014 IEEE/ACM 7th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing, UCC 2014, pp. 806–811. https://doi.org/10.1109/UCC.2014.131

Kodali, R. K., Azman, M., & Panicker, J. G. (2018). Smart Control System Solution for Smart Cities. https://doi.org/10.1109/CyberC.2018.00027

Kolozali, S., Bermudez-Edo, M., Davar, N. F., Barnaghi, P., Gao, F., Ali, M. I., … Tonjes, R. (2018). Observing the Pulse of a City: A Smart City Framework for Real-time Discovery, Federation, and Aggregation of Data Streams. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2018.2872606

Kor, A. L., Pattinson, C., Yanovsky, M., & Kharchenko, V. (2016). IoT-enabled smart living. Technology for Smart Futures, pp. 739–749. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60137-3_1

Kuan, Z., Jianbing, N., Yang, K., Xiaohui, L., Ren, J., & Shen, X. (2017). Security and Privacy in Smart City Applications: Challenges and Solutions. IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 122–129. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600267CM

Layne, K., & Lee, J. (2001). Developing fully functional E-government: A four stage model. Government Information Quarterly. 18, pp. 122–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0740-624X(01)00066-1

L’Heureux, A., Grolinger, K., Higashino, W. A., & Capretz, M. A. M. (2017). A gamification framework for sensor data analytics. Proceedings – 2017 IEEE 2nd International Congress on Internet of Things, ICIOT 2017, pp. 74–81. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEE.ICIOT.2017.18

Li, D., Cao, J., & Yao, Y. (2015). Big data in smart cities. Science China Information Sciences, 58(10), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-015-5396-5

Li, Y., Dai, W., Ming, Z., & Qiu, M. (2016). Privacy Protection for Preventing Data Over-Collection in Smart City. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 65(5), pp. 1339–1350. https://doi.org/10.1109/TC.2015.2470247

Lim C., Kim K., & Maglio P. (2018). Smart cities with big data: Reference models, challenges, and considerations. Elsevier, Volume 82, December 2018, pp. 86-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.04.011

Lin, H., Hu, J., Ma, J., Xu, L., & Yu, Z. (2017). A Secure Collaborative Spectrum Sensing Strategy in Cyber-Physical Systems. IEEE Access, 5, pp. 27679–27690. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2767701

Liu, J. K., Choo, K.-K. R., Huang, X., & Au, M. H. (2017). Erratum to: Special issue on security and privacy for smart cities. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 21(5), pp. 777–777. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-017-1062-9

Liu, J., Zhang, C., & Fang, Y. (2018). EPIC: A Differential Privacy Framework to Defend Smart Homes Against Internet Traffic Analysis. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2018.2799820

Liu, W., Nakauchi, K., & Shoji, Y. (2018). A neighbor-based probabilistic broadcast protocol for data dissemination in mobile IoT networks. IEEE Access. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2808356

Liu, Y., Weng, X., Wan, J., Yue, X., Song, H., & Vasilakos, A. V. (2017). Exploring data validity in transportation systems for smart cities. IEEE Communications Magazine. 55(5), pp. 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600240

Lokuliyana, S., Jayakody, A., Dabarera, G. S. B., Ranaweera, R. K. R., Perera, P. G. D. M., & Panangala, P. A. D. V. R. (2018, August 8-11). Location Based Garbage Management System with IoT for Smart City. The 13th International Conference on Computer Science & Education (ICCSE 2018), pp. 699–703. http://doi.org/10.1109/ICCSE.2018.8468682

Luo, C., Liu, X., Xue, W., Shen, Y., Li, J., Hu, W., & Liu, A. X. (2019). Predictable Privacy-Preserving Mobile Crowd Sensing: A Tale of Two Roles. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2019.2890860

Luo, X., Ren, Y., Hu, J., Wu, Q., & Lou, J. (2017). Privacy-preserving identity-based file sharing in smart city. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 21(5), pp. 923–936. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-017-1051-z

Maheswaran, M., & Misra, S. (2015). Towards a Social Governance Framework for Internet of Things. 2015 IEEE 2nd World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT). Dec 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/WF-IoT.2015.7389156

Manjunatha, & Annappa B. (2018). Real Time Big Data Analytics in Smart City Applications. International Conference on Communication, Computing and Internet of Things (IC3IoT), pp. 279–284. https://doi.org/10.1109/IC3IoT.2018.8668106

Marjani, M., Nasaruddin, F., Gani, A., Karim, A., Hashem, I. A. T., Siddiqa, A., & Yaqoob, I. (2017). Big IoT Data Analytics: Architecture, Opportunities, and Open Research Challenges. IEEE Access. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2689040

Masduki, B. W., Ramli, K., & Salman, M. (2017). Leverage Intrusion Detection System Framework for Cyber Situational Awareness System. pp. 64–69. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICON-SONICS.2017.8267823

Memmi, G., Kapusta, K., & Qiu, H. (2015). Data Protection: Combining Fragmentation, Encryption, and Dispersion. 2015 International Conference on Cyber Security of Smart Cities, Industrial Control System and Communications (SSIC). https://doi.org/10.1109/SSIC.2015.7245680

Mohammadi, M., & Al-Fuqaha, A. (2018). Enabling Cognitive Smart Cities Using Big Data and Machine Learning: Approaches and Challenges. IEEE Communications Magazine, 56(2), pp. 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2018.1700298

Mohammadi, M., Al-Fuqaha, A., Guizani, M., & Oh, J. S. (2018). Semisupervised Deep Reinforcement Learning in Support of IoT and Smart City Services. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2017.2712560

Moreno, M. V., Terroso-Saenz, F., Gonzalez-Vidal, A., Valdes-Vela, M., Skarmeta, A. F., Zamora, M. A., & Chang, V. (2017). Applicability of Big Data Techniques to Smart Cities Deployments. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, pp. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2016.2605581

Moura, J., & Serrao, C. (2016). Security and Privacy Issues of Big Data. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8505-5.ch002

Nesi, P., Pantaleo, G., Paolucci, M., & Zaza, I. (2018). Auditing and assessment of data traffic flows in an IoT architecture. Proceedings – 4th IEEE International Conference on Collaboration and Internet Computing, CIC 2018, pp. 388–391. https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2018.00058

Okai, E., Feng, X., & Sant, P. (2019). Smart Cities Survey. Proceedings – 20th International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications, 16th International Conference on Smart City and 4th International Conference on Data Science and Systems, HPCC/SmartCity/DSS 2018, pp. 1726–1730. https://doi.org/10.1109/HPCC/SmartCity/DSS.2018.00282

Oteafy, S. M. A., & Hassanein, H. S. (2018). IoT in the Fog: A Roadmap for Data-Centric IoT Development. IEEE Communications Magazine, 56(3), pp. 157–163. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2018.1700299

Pacheco, J., & Hariri, S. (2016). IoT security framework for smart cyber infrastructures. Proceedings – IEEE 1st International Workshops on Foundations and Applications of Self-Systems, FAS-W 2016, 242–247. https://doi.org/10.1109/FAS-W.2016.58

POPESCUL, D., & RADU, L. D. (2016). Data Security in Smart Cities: Challenges and Solutions. Informatica Economica, 20(1/2016), pp. 29–38. https://doi.org/10.12948/issn14531305/20.1.2016.03

Pradhan, M., Fuchs, C., & Johnsen, F. T. (2018). A survey of applicability of military data model architectures for smart city data consumption and integration. IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things, WF-IoT 2018 – Proceedings, pp. 129–134. https://doi.org/10.1109/WF-IoT.2018.8355226

Pradhan, M., Suri, N., Fuchs, C., Bloebaum, T. H., & Marks, M. (2018). Toward an Architecture and Data Model to Enable Interoperability between Federated Mission Networks and IoT-Enabled Smart City Environments. IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2018.1800305

Puron-Cid G., Gil-Garci J.R., & Zhang J. (2015). Smart Cities, Smart Governments and Smart Citizens: A Brief Introduction. International Journal of E-Planning Research. 4. iv-vii. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295850218_Smart_Cities_Smart_Governments_and_Smart_Citizens_A_Brief_Introduction

Puschmann, D., Barnaghi, P., & Tafazolli, R. (2018). Using LDA to Uncover the Underlying Structures and Relations in Smart City Data Streams. IEEE Systems Journal. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2017.2723818

Rastogi, N., Singh, S. K., & Singh, P. K. (2018). Privacy and Security issues in Big Data: Through Indian Prospective. Proceedings – 2018 3rd International Conference on Internet of Things: Smart Innovation and Usages, IoT-SIU 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/IoT-SIU.2018.8519858

Riboni, D. (2019). Opportunistic pervasive computing: Adaptive context recognition and interfaces. CCF Transactions on Pervasive Computing and Interaction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42486-018-00004-9

Rjab, A. Ben, & Mellouli, S. (2018). Smart cities in the era of artificial intelligence and internet of things. 2018 Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1145/3209281.3209380

Russell, L., Goubran, R., Kwamena, F., & Knoefel, F. (2018). Agile IoT for Critical Infrastructure Resilience: Cross-modal Sensing as Part of a Situational Awareness Approach. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2018.2818113

Ryu, J. H., Sharma, P. K., Jo, J. H., & Park, J. H. (2019). A blockchain-based decentralized efficient investigation framework for IoT digital forensics. Springer Journal of Supercomputing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-019-02779-9

Sankaran, S., &Vishwa Vidyapeetham, A. (2017). Securing Networked Control Systems: Modeling Attacks and Defenses. 2017 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia) Securing, pp. 7–11. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCE-ASIA.2017.8309317

Sanseverino, E., Sanseverino, R., Vaccaro, V., Macaione, I., & Anello, E. (2017). Smart Cities: Case Studies. Smart Cities Atlas. Springer Link. November 2016, 82, pp. 47–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47361-1_3

Santos, J., Vanhove, T., Sebrechts, M., Dupont, T., Kerckhove, W., Braem, B., De Turck, F. (2018). City of things: Enabling resource provisioning in smart cities. IEEE

Sarker, M. N. I., Wu, M., & Hossin, M. A. (2018). Smart governance through bigdata: Digital transformation of public agencies. 2018 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Big Data, ICAIBD 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAIBD.2018.8396168

Shah, T., & Patel, S.V. (2014). A Review of Requirement Engineering Issues and Challenges in Various Software Development Methods. International Journal of Computer Applications. 99(15), pp. 36–45. https://doi.org/10.5120/17451-8370

Shahat, A. M., Elragal, O. A., & Bergvall-Kåreborn, B. (2017). Big Data Analytics and Smart Cities: A Loose or Tight Couple? International Conference on Connected Smart Cities 2017 (CSC 2017), Lisbon, 20-22 July 2017. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317491579_Big_Data_Analytics_and_Smart_Cities_A_Loose_or_Tight_Couple

Siddiqui, Z., Tayan, O., & Khurram Khan, M. (2018). Security analysis of smartphone and cloud computing authentication frameworks and protocols. IEEE Access, pp. 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2845299

Sikora-Fernandez, D., & Stawasz, D. (2016). The Concept of Smart City in The Theory and Practice of Urban Development Management. Romanian Journal of Regional Science. 10(1), pp. 86–99. https://ideas.repec.org/a/rrs/journl/v10y2016i1p86-99.html

Simonofski, A., Serral, E., De Smedt, J., & Snoeck, M. (2017). Citizen Participation in Smart Cities: Evaluation Framework Proposal. https://doi.org/10.1109/CBI.2017.21

Sindhusha, P., & Bharathi, B. (2018). Privacy protection on data overflow system for smartphones. 6th International Conference on Computation of Power, Energy, Information and Communication, ICCPEIC 2017, pp. 310–315. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCPEIC.2017.8290383

Sinaeepourfard, A., Krogstie, J., & Peterse, S. A. (2018). A Big Data Management Architecture for Smart Cities based on Fog-to-Cloud Data Management Architecture. Retrieved from CEUR-WS.org/Vol-2316/paper4.pdf

Siris, V. A., Fotiou, N., Mertzianis, A., & Polyzos, G. C. (2019). Smart application aware IoT data collection. Journal of Reliable Intelligent Environments, 5(1), pp. 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40860-019-00077-y

Smolander, K., Rossi, M., & Pekkola, S. (2017). Infrastructures, Integration and Architecting during and after Digital Transformation. Proceedings – 2017 IEEE/ACM Joint 5th International Workshop on Software Engineering for Systems-of-Systems and 11th Workshop on Distributed Software Development, Software Ecosystems and Systems-of-Systems, JSOS 2017, 23–26. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSOS.2017.1

Soultatos, O., Spanoudakis, G., Fysarakis, K., Askoxylakis, I., Alexandris, G., Miaoudakis, A., & Nikolaos Petroulakis, E. (2018). Towards a Security, Privacy, Dependability, Interoperability Framework for the Internet of Things. IEEE International Workshop on Computer Aided Modeling and Design of Communication Links and Networks, CAMAD. https://doi.org/10.1109/CAMAD.2018.8514937

Steuer, S., Benabbas, A., Kasrin, N., & Nicklas, D. (2016). Challenges and Design Goals for an Architecture of a Privacy-preserving Smart City Lab. Datenbank-Spektrum, 16(2), pp. 147–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13222-016-0223-8

Swarnkar, M., & Bhadoria, R. S. (2017). Security Issues and Challenges in Big Data Analytics in Distributed Environment. Springer International Publishing AG 2017, pp. 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59834-5_5

Tanaka, S. A., de Barros, R. M., & de Souza Mendes, L. (2018). A Proposal to a Framework for Governance of ICT Aiming at Smart Cities with a Focus on Enterprise Architecture. 2018 Association for Computing Machinery. ACM, pp. 408–415. https://doi.org/10.1145/3229345.3229400

Tawalbeh, L. A., Tawalbeh, H., Song, H., & Jararweh, Y. (2017). Intrusion and attacks over mobile networks and cloud health systems. 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops, INFOCOM WKSHPS 2017, 13–17. https://doi.org/10.1109/INFCOMW.2017.8116345

Tay, K.-C., Supangkat, S., Cornelius, G. & Arman, A. (2018). The SMART Initiative and the Garuda Smart City Framework for the Development of Smart Cities. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTSS.2018.8549961

Teoh, C. S., & Mahmood, A. K. (2017). National cyber security strategies for digital economy. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRIIS.2017.8002519

Terzi, D. S., Terzi, R., & Sagiroglu, S. (2016). A survey on security and privacy issues in big data. 2015 10th International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions, ICITST 2015, 202–207. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICITST.2015.7412089

Theo Bass, A., Sutherland, E., Symons, T., Bria, F., Sagarra Pascual, O., Boerwinkel, G., … Lucarelli, S. (2018). Reclaiming the Smart City Reviewers and contributors.

Tragos, E., Fragkiadakis, A., Angelakis, V., & Pöhls, H. C. (2016). Designing Secure IoT Architectures for Smart City Applications. In Designing, Developing, and Facilitating Smart Cities (pp. 63–87). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44924-1_5

Venticinque, S., & Amato, A. (2018). A methodology for deployment of IoT application in fog. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 10, pp. 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-018-0785-4

Wagner, I., & Eckhoff, D. (2018). Technical Privacy Metrics: A Systematic Survey. ACM Computing Surveys, 51(3), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1145/3168389

Wang, P., Ali, A., & Kelly, W. (2015). Data Security and Threat Modeling for Smart City Infrastructure. 2015 International Conference on Cyber Security of Smart Cities, Industrial Control System and Communications (SSIC). https://doi.org/10.1109/SSIC.2015.7245322

Wang, P., Yang, L. T., Xavier, S. F., & Li, J. (2018). An Edge Cloud-Assisted CPSS Framework for Smart Cities. IEEE Cloud Computing, pp. 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCC.2018.053711665

West, D. M. (2004). E-Government and the Transformation of Service Delivery and Citizen Attitudes. Wiley Online Library, 64(1), pp. 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00343.x

Xie, Y., Wang, W., Wang, F., & Chang, R. (2018). VTET: A Virtual Industrial Control System Testbed for Cyber Security Research. 2018 3rd International Conference on Security of Smart Cities, Industrial Control System and Communications, SSIC 2018 – Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1109/SSIC.2018.8556732

Yadav, P., & Vishwakarma, S. (2018). Application of Internet of Things and Big Data towards a Smart City. 2018 3rd International Conference on Internet of Things: Smart Innovation and Usages (IoT-SIU), pp. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/IoT-SIU.2018.8519920

Yamakami, T. (2017). An organizational coordination model for IoT: A case study of requirement engineering of city-government in Tokyo in city platform as a service. International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence: ICT Convergence Technologies Leading the Fourth Industrial Revolution, ICTC 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTC.2017.8190982

Yan, Z., Yu, X., & Ding, W. (2017). Context-aware verifiable cloud computing. IEEE Access, 5, 2211–2227. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2666839

Yigitcanlar, T., Kamruzzaman, M., Buys, L., Ioppolo, G., Marques, J., Moreira Da Costa, E., & Yun, J. (2018). Understanding ‘smart cities’: Intertwining development drivers with desired outcomes in a multidimensional framework. Cities. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.04.003

Ylmaz, E. N., Ciylan, B., Gönen, S., Sindiren, E., & Karacayilmaz, G. (2018). Cyber security in industrial control systems: Analysis of DoS attacks against PLCs and the insider effect. Proceedings – 2018 6th International Istanbul Smart Grids and Cities Congress and Fair, ICSG 2018, pp. 81–85. https://doi.org/10.1109/SGCF.2018.8408947

Zhang, G., Wang, J., Huang, W., Su, H., Lv, Z., Yao, Q., & Ye, S. (2015). Big Data Collection and Analysis Framework Research for Public Digital Culture Sharing Service. Proceedings - 2015 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Big Data, BigMM 2015, 196–199. https://doi.org/10.1109/BigMM.2015.37

Zhang, K., & Zahng, Q. (2018). Preserve Location Privacy for Cyber-Physical Systems with Addresses Hashing at Data Link Layer. https://doi.org/10.1109/HPCC/SmartCity/DSS.2018.00170

Nam, T., & Pardo, T. A. (2011). Smart city as urban innovation: Focusing on management, policy, and context. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. 185-194. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2072069.2072100

Anthopoulos, Leonidas. (2015). Understanding the Smart City Domain: A Literature Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03167-5_2

Downloads

Published

2020-08-25

How to Cite

Naqvi, N., ur Rehman, S., & Islam, Z. (2020). A Hyperconnected Smart City Framework: Digital Resources Using Enhanced Pedagogical Techniques. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 24. https://doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v24i0.2531

Issue

Section

Research Articles